Anishinaabe History Instructor
White Earth Tribal and Community College
- View the complete 1855 Treaty (pdf)
- View the minutes from the 1855 Treaty (pdf)
- Flat Mouth signature on the 1855 Treaty
- Excerpts from the 1855 Treaty minutes:
“Flatmouth [head chief of Pillager tribe] said he desired to tell his father what he has been, what he now is, and how he has been looked upon by the Indians and the whites. “You see me here before you, father, and it would be useless for me to attempt to hide my age. My old head and my gray hairs tell for themselves. I have seen a great many snows and rains. It is many years, father, since I first became acquainted with the long-knives.... Now to the point, my father, as I must call you, although, from thedifference of our ages, I might call you my son. I will speak to you plainly. I am not afraid to talk to a white man, because when I look back upon my life I can see no black stain on my path which should make me ashamed to look you in the face....”